Your breasts swell and become tender, your hormones go up and down, and you may feel moody. If you have PMS, you're likely to have more severe mood swings during pregnancy. They can make you go from being happy one minute to feeling like crying the next. Mood swings are very common during pregnancy. They tend to happen more in the first trimester and toward the end of the third trimester. Many pregnant women have depression during pregnancy. If you have symptoms such as sleep problems, changes in eating habits, and mood swings for longer than 2 weeks, talk to your health care provider.
An increase in breast size is one of the first signs of pregnancy. Breast growth in the first trimester is due to higher levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. That growth in the first trimester might not be the end, either — your breasts can continue to grow throughout your pregnancy! Your bra size also can be affected by your ribcage. When you're pregnant, your lung capacity increases so you can take in extra oxygen, which may lead to a bigger chest size.
You may need to replace your bras several times during your pregnancy. Do your friends say you have that pregnancy glow? It's one of many effects that can come from hormonal changes and your skin stretching. Pregnant women have increased blood volume to provide extra blood flow to the uterus and other organs, especially the kidneys. The greater volume brings more blood to the vessels and increases oil gland secretion. Some women develop brownish or yellowish patches called chloasma, or the "mask of pregnancy," on their faces.
And some will notice a dark line on the midline of the lower abdomen, known as the linea nigra or linea negra. They can also have hyperpigmentation darkening of the skin of the nipples, external genitalia, and anal region.
That's because pregnancy hormones cause the body to make more pigment. This increased pigment might not be even, so the darkened skin may appear as splotches of color. Chloasma can't be prevented, but wearing sunscreen and avoiding UV light can minimize its effects. Acne is common during pregnancy because the skin's sebaceous glands make more oil. And moles or freckles that you had before pregnancy may get bigger and darker.
Most of these skin changes should go away after you give birth. Many pregnant women also get heat rash, caused by dampness and sweating.
In general, pregnancy can be an itchy time for a woman. Skin stretching over the abdomen may cause itchiness and flaking. Your doctor can recommend creams to soothe dry or itchy skin. Many women have changes in hair texture and growth during pregnancy. Hormones can make your hair grow faster and fall out less. But these hair changes usually aren't permanent. Many women lose some hair in the postpartum period or after they stop breastfeeding.
Some women find that they grow hair in unwanted places, such as on the face or belly or around the nipples. Most men have two testicles, which are also responsible for producing testosterone, a hormone that helps the male reproductive system function. Normal body temperature is too hot for sperm to survive, which is why the testicles are located outside the body proper and in the scrotum, where the temperature is about 3.
Sperm move from the testes to the epididymis, which are coiled tubes one in each testicle where sperm are stored and reach maturity. The vas deferens is a muscular tube that transports semen from the epididymis into the urethra during ejaculation.
Semen contains sperm along with mucus to protect the sperm from the acid secreted in the vagina , proteins and fructose the main energy source for the sperm , and prostaglandins that stimulate female uterine contractions, helping move the semen up into the uterus.
When the ovary ovulates, the egg is released and rests on the surface of the ovary. The fallopian tube sweeps over the ovary and picks up the egg and begins transporting it back toward the uterus. The egg lives for 12 to 24 hours after being released from the ovary. If a couple has intercourse on the day of ovulation, or even up to six days prior, the sperm swim out of the semen and into the cervical mucus.
Some sperm are stored in the cervical mucus for several days before continuing their journey. The remainder of the sperm swim up the uterus, and into the fallopian tubes. If an egg is present at this time, a single sperm may penetrate the outer lining of the egg and fertilize it. Over the next three to four days, the fertilized egg now called an embryo will travel down the fallopian tube into the uterus. As it travels, the cells in the embryo begin to divide rapidly. The pregnancy produces a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin hCG , which signals the ovary to continue to produce progesterone and prevent the woman from having her menses.
Eventually, the pregnancy makes its own progesterone. Progesterone levels rise throughout pregnancy and fall with delivery. Normal fertility is a pregnancy achieved within 12 months of unprotected intercourse. About 85 percent of couples in their 20s through mids will become pregnant in that time frame.
There are three things a couple must have to get pregnant: the woman must ovulate, the man must have sperm, and the woman must have open fallopian tubes. If any of these are not optimally functioning, a couple may experience infertility , which affects about 15 percent of couples at any point in their reproductive lives.
While most couples do get pregnant after one year of unprotected intercourse, it is important to remember that the likelihood of becoming pregnant each month is actually quite low. As women get older, monthly fertility rates decrease percent chance of pregnancy per month in women , about 1 percent chance per month in women age 42 and older, and ultimately fall to zero.
The condition can lead to premature birth and low birth weight. Prenatal care usually involves screening for anemia. Between 14 and 23 percent of all pregnant women develop depression during their pregnancy. The many biological and emotional changes you experience can be contributing causes. Insomnia is another common symptom of early pregnancy.
Stress, physical discomfort, and hormonal changes can be contributing causes. Breast changes are one of the first noticeable signs of pregnancy. Your nipples may also become larger and more sensitive, and the areolae may darken. Because of increased androgen hormones , many women experience acne in early pregnancy. These hormones can make your skin oilier , which can clog pores. Pregnancy acne is usually temporary and clears up after the baby is born. Increased hormones during early pregnancy are the main cause.
Hip pain is common during pregnancy and tends to increase in late pregnancy. It can have a variety of causes, including:. Diarrhea and other digestive difficulties occur frequently during pregnancy.
Hormone changes, a different diet, and added stress are all possible explanations. While pregnancy is usually a happy time, it can also be a source of stress. A new baby means big changes to your body, your personal relationships, and even your finances. Taking a home pregnancy test or seeing your doctor for lab testing can confirm a possible pregnancy. Many of these signs and symptoms can also be caused by other health conditions, such as premenstrual syndrome PMS. Pregnancy weeks are grouped into three trimesters, each one with medical milestones for both you and the baby.
A baby grows rapidly during the first trimester weeks 1 to The fetus begins developing their brain, spinal cord, and organs. During the first trimester, the probability of a miscarriage is relatively high.
Seek immediate help if you experience the symptoms of miscarriage. During the second trimester of pregnancy weeks 13 to 27 , your healthcare provider will likely perform an anatomy scan ultrasound. The test results can also reveal the sex of your baby, if you wish to find out before the baby is born. Babies born this early often have serious medical issues.
Your baby has a much better chance of being born healthy the longer you are able to carry the pregnancy. During the third trimester weeks 28 to 40 , your weight gain will accelerate, and you may feel more tired. As labor approaches, you may feel pelvic discomfort , and your feet may swell.
Every pregnancy is different, but developments will most likely occur within this general time frame. Home pregnancy tests are very accurate after the first day of your missed period.
If you get a positive result on a home pregnancy test, you should schedule an appointment with your doctor right away. An ultrasound will be used to confirm and date your pregnancy. Also referred to as the pregnancy hormone, hCG is produced upon implantation.
However, it may not be detected until after you miss a period. After you miss a period, hCG levels increase rapidly. Blood tests can be performed in a laboratory. The difference is that blood tests may be ordered as soon as six days after ovulation. An increase in vaginal discharge is one of the earliest signs of pregnancy. The discharge will also tend to become thicker and occur more frequently. During the final weeks of your pregnancy, your discharge may contain streaks of thick mucus and blood.
You should let your doctor know if you have any bleeding. Normal vaginal discharge, or leukorrhea, is thin and either clear or milky white. If you think you have abnormal vaginal discharge, let your healthcare provider know immediately. Learn more about vaginal discharge during pregnancy. Urinary tract infections UTIs are one of the most common complications women experience during pregnancy. The fetus puts added pressure on the bladder, which can cause the bacteria to be trapped, causing an infection.
Symptoms of a UTI usually include pain and burning or frequent urination. You may also experience:. Nearly 18 percent of pregnant women develop a UTI. You can help prevent these infections by emptying your bladder frequently, especially before and after sex. Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated. Avoid using douches and harsh soaps in the genital area.
Contact your healthcare provider if you have symptoms of a UTI. Infections during pregnancy can be dangerous because they increase the risk of premature labor. When caught early, most UTIs can be treated with antibiotics that are effective against bacteria but still safe for use during pregnancy. Follow the advice here to prevent UTIs before they even start.
Some methods of pregnancy prevention work better for certain individuals. A few of the most common birth control methods are discussed below:. Intrauterine devices IUDs work by mostly by stopping fertilization.
Actions that can reduce the effectiveness of these methods include forgetting to use them as prescribed. Other forms of hormonal birth control include the patch and the vaginal ring. Condoms , diaphragms, and sponges are convenient and inexpensive forms of birth control that can be bought without a prescription.
Other barrier methods include diaphragms and sponges. They can be bought without a prescription. Several morning-after pills are available, both over the counter and by prescription. Instead, they can act as a backup if you have unprotected sex or forget to use your regular form of birth control. They must be used within hours five days of sexual contact to be effective.
Some pills are most effective when taken within 72 hours three days. Natural family planning NFP , or fertility awareness, is the birth control method with the highest failure rate.
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